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Science and the Akashic Field, a relatively small book, is definitely not a light read. Written by philosopher of science Ervin László PhD, this is a thorough tour of virtually every contemporary science on the way to an understanding of László’s Integral Theory of Everything.  Where the likes of Einstein, Newton and many others have created various theoretical works, none have been able to encompass every aspect of the reality we all experience.  It appears that László has succeeded in revealing such a TOE, an I-TOE.  He has spent decades examining the works of other theoreticians in search of evidence for what he calls the Akashic field, or the A-field, which is the foundation of his theory.

While I’m not knowledgeable enough to provide you with a complete explanation of his I-TOE or the A-field, I do come away from this book with a deeper understanding of coherence as it pertains to the quantum world and to the cosmos.  I did find László to be utterly convinced of the efficacy of his own theory, even though, to my understanding, he has non-conventional views of evolution and quantum mechanics.

I wouldn’t recommend this book to anyone who has limited knowledge of physics, cosmology, evolutionary biology and even psychology, but to those well versed in contemporary science, it would be a worthy effort.  All in all, I found Science and the Akashic Field to be a fulfilling read.

Artificial Intelligence or the scientific pursuit of AI is insulting to me as a biological entity.

The very idea of replacing human control over both the developmental pace and capacity of computers is to me an idea fraught with folly.  Not the least of my concerns is the eventual obsolescence of humanity on earth, but more to the point, I think there are better ways to apply the collective knowledge of genomics, nanotechnology, computational engineering, evolutionary biology and cyber-neurology

What is meant by the often abused title Artificial Intelligence?

“Intelligence exhibited by an artificial (non-natural, man-made) entity; the branch of computer science dealing with the reproduction or mimicking of human-level thought in computers; the essential quality of a machine which thinks in a manner similar to or on the same general level as a human being.” [en.wiktionary.org/wiki/artificial_intelligence]

A computer that thinks; this is opposed to the computers we have currently, computers that are exceptional in their computational abilities, but which cannot perform even the simplest task without instruction from a human being.

Even without invoking the ever popular notion that Skynet will take over the world –in a violent attempt to either defend itself against destruction (or deletion, or disconnection, or whatever other apocalyptic processes a computer might eventually deem it needs to defend against) or act to protect us from the perceived threat of, us– I can articulate a number of other possible negative outcomes of the race to AI.

Perhaps our robotic progeny will advance so fast in intellect and reasoning ability, somewhere in the range of an exponential increases in both computational power and cognitive scope, as many who work on such projects realistically predicts will be the case, that our interference will be deemed akin to the presence of termites in the walls of our homes, and of course be subject to extermination.  Or perhaps our little AI creations will simply leave us behind, ejecting themselves off and away from this planet doomed to biological destruction, forsaking all that which we most self-righteously demand they owe us from their creation.

It has always annoyed me, the scope to which humanity’s anthropocentric attitude blinds us to the unbiased reality of our environment.  Every assignment of the idea that we are at the top of the food chain, that we are the most intelligent beings on this planet, or that we somehow deserve evolution’s progressive respect (as such demanding that we should stay in our self-imposed position of superiority over nature), is an insinuation that our position is anything more than an egomaniacal fantasy.  Our big brains are an impressive example of evolution’s propensity for bio-complexity, but the result is nothing more than luck.  We are not the winners in a global lottery of species, now righteous in our celebration of the riches we’ve won.  We are freaks of nature, and a more succinct description could never be designed by either evolution, or monkeys on typewriters.  Our brains, and in turn our vast intellect are products of genetic mutations accumulated over millions of years of biological development; accidents of copy fidelity in our respective DNA and nothing more.

Perspective in mind, does the creation of an Artificial Intelligence preclude the notion that we have some right to sit where we do in terms of intellectual superiority?  No, it most certainly does not.  Hence, at the first opportunity, our position at the top of the ladder will quickly be supplanted by the first entity that is capable of doing so, whether created by us or Mother Nature.

If the worst case scenario is death and destruction, and the median might be abandonment, could the best case scenario be captivity?  I’m not necessarily saying that all AI research be stopped immediately, not at all.  AI research holds the potential to unlock the secrets of our vastly complex and secretive brains, it can, through its respective contributory sciences, serve to engineer humanity itself into that golden seat of actual superiority, immortality and infinite intelligence.

All that I’m suggesting here is that the pursuit of AI would be better aimed at integrating the longevity of computers that learn directly with human intelligence.  Whether that be a neural download (or would that be an upload?), a confluence of technological systems with biological systems…or even a full realisation of the Bionic Man’s opening Mantra: “…we have the technology, we can rebuild him.”

To me, the difference amounts to making devices that can outrun our intellectual possibilities, or increasing our own intellectual possibilities themselves.  It should be known that there are people working on both sides of this coin, there are those scientists who would have every home equipped with an AI butler, there are those that would have the internet converted into a learning machine (which presents me with a frightening mental picture), and there are those who would take AI research to the level of creating a whole new class of artificial entities, based on human technology and neurology.

This doesn’t belie the actual research being done on both fronts, AI and BioEngineering, wherein scientists are, with relative quickness, making discoveries that will doubtless enhance what it means to be human, not the least of which is the prospect of using nanotechnology and biomedical engineering to re-grow severed limbs and organs, or the decoding of human neurology in order to facilitate notions of radiotelepathy and neuronally transmitted communication.  We are moving ahead, as a species, this is a fact none can rationally deny; where we’re headed is another question, and is wholly up for debate.

In keeping with all of his other books, Sagan has once again weaved a spectacular tale.  Pale Blue Dot brings light to the solar system, illuminating each of our heavenly neighbours, teasing out the very nature of every body.  I am especially fond of Sagan’s description of Earth from the vantage point of space, would ET even notice that intelligent life exists on this small watery planet.

This book is eminently readable, though I did find myself feeling remorse for the fact that Sagan died before many of today’s space missions –i.e. Cassini, Curiosity and Huygens Titan probe- could get off the ground.  It makes me wonder how different this book might have been had he known what would be found in our solar system by contemporary missions.

I recommend this book to anyone interested in astronomy or cosmology, Sagan seems to have written this book for the layman but even so, he provides enough scientific detail to interest even the well versed.  I give it 5 out of 5.

Lumbering giants, terrifying predators, beasts that challenge the imagination; dinosaurs are and have been one of the great wonders of the world.  People have been finding dinosaur fossils for hundreds, if not thousands of years, and they, no doubt, have been the catalyst for many an ancient beast legend.

The first scientifically described dinosaur fossil was a Megalosaurus, found in 1824 by British fossil hunter William Buckland. Since that time, millions of such fossils have been found, and thus began the long standing guessing game of palaeontology.  Many nearly complete fossils have been found, which give us a decent idea of the general appearance of many dinosaurs, but our knowledge of the details of what they looked like is limited by the nature of fossils. But it seems that some in our ancient history had the jump on us when it comes to what dinosaurs looked like.

In 1966, Peruvian physician Javier Cabrera Darquea was presented with a stone that had a carved picture of what Cabrera believed to be an extinct fish by a friend for his 42nd birthday.  Cabrera’s father had begun a collection of similar stones in the 1930s, and based on his interest in Peruvian prehistory, Cabrera began collecting more.  The more he collected, however, the stranger the story got.  These are, in fact, the Ica Stones, so named because they are found in Ica, Peru. The stones are made of andesite and vary in size from pebbles to boulders.  They have carved in them various scenes which include dinosaurs and other animals, advanced medical works and maps.

Cabrera believes the stones date to somewhere between 500BC and 1000ad, but since stone cannot be carbon dated their actual age is up in the air.  However, if the stones are as old as Cabrera says, there’s a problem, and a glaring problem at that.  How exactly could the people of Ica Peru have carved such accurate images of dinosaurs more than 2000 years ago?

Dinosaurs lived through three different ages according to palaeontologists, the Cambrian (542–488.3 million years ago), the Triassic (250 to 200 million years ago) and the Jurassic (200 million to 145 million years ago) periods.  This means, according to mainstream science, that dinosaurs have been extinct for at least 145 million years.  So how exactly did ancient Peruvians know what they looked like?

The Ancient Alien Theory suggests that knowledge of dinosaurs and even the medical processes that have been carved on these stones was given to the Ica people by their sky gods, or more accurately, ancient aliens.  Other conspiracy theorists insist that dinosaurs lived a lot longer than mainstream science wants to admit.  They suggest that the Ica people carved what they saw first hand, meaning that dinosaurs lived during the reign of the Ica people just more than 2000 years ago.  Some even go so far as to claim that some dinosaurs still exist to this day, pointing to the Loch Ness Monster and Ogopogo in Western Canada as evidence for their claim.

Mainstream science, however, has a different theory, as one would expect.  Geologists contend that the andesite stones have been carved much more recently than others would have you believe.  Some say that the carvings are less than fifty years old, and that they are simply an artistic expression of the modern people of Ica Peru.

Of course, there are those who would seek to use the existence of these stones as evidence that man and dinosaur coexisted at some point in our past.  Creationists have latched onto this legend (if you will) and are pointing and shouting that these stones are the proof they’ve been looking for to say that the Earth is less than 6000 years old.

The stones, which number in the hundreds of thousands, could, in all likelihood, be a modern hoax, intentionally pushed into the fore by a people whose culture is going the way of the dodo.  But there is a chance, however small, that they are a genuine mystery out of the ancient past.  Whichever way you lean, there’s something to be said for the artistic value of the carvings themselves.

Streaks of white criss-cross the sky, puffy, billowy lines use the backdrop of clouds as cover for their true purpose.  If you’ve ever looked up on a clear day you’ve likely seen them, white veins of moisture trailing behind an aircraft high above.  You likely can’t even see the plane, the contrails being the only evidence of it’s passing overhead, hanging in the air at an incredible altitude.

As mentioned, these lines are commonly known as contrails, a contraction between the words condensation and trails, and they’re really quite innocuous. They’re caused by the water vapour in the hot exhaust of aircraft engines, but can also be triggered by the changes in air pressure in wingtip vortices or in the air over the entire wing surface.  Like all clouds, they consist of water vapour or ice particles in the form of a suspension.  They really are just another form of cloud…or are they?

Conspiracy theorists have another name for contrails, one you may already be familiar with; they call them chemtrails.  As with the above, chemtrail is a contraction of two words: chemical and trail.  And conspiracy theorists believe that they are something a great deal more pernicious than simple moisture.  This tends to be a highly charged topic of discussion, for the believers are adamant that the government is undertaking to pull the wool over our eyes.

As the theory goes, chemtrails are deliberately discharged clouds of chemicals released from military aircraft for a host of [potential] reasons.  From weather control through cloud seeding (which actually does take place, but not in this manner), to population control and even mind control through psychoactive drugs.  Respiratory diseases and other health concerns are blamed on the widespread use of chemtrails over the domestic US, as well as Canada, Mexico and even the UK.

The theory originated in 1996 when the United States Air Force was accused of “spraying the US population with mysterious substances”[1] via aircraft.  Much of this is due to an Air Force Air University strategy paper titled Weather as a Force Multiplier, Owning the Weather in 2025[2]. Conspiracy theorists at the time feared that the government was developing some kind of weather control technology and were troubled by the possible health and environmental consequences of such technology.  Since then the theories have spiralled almost out of control.

In Canada, the issue has been brought before parliament by way of a petition, signed by thousands of Canadians demanding an explanation for the so-called spraying of chemicals over the population of the country, citing fears of health issues.

“…presenting a petition on behalf of Mr. Brian Holmes of Ontario regarding aerial spraying. Mr. Holmes has collected signatures from across the country from concerned Canadians who believe that chemicals used in aerial sprayings are adversely affecting the health of Canadians.”[3]

Many of the dozens of theories out there suggest that chemtrails consist of barium, aluminum salts, polymer fibres, thorium or silicon carbide; exposure to some of these compounds is known to cause health problems.  And if true this poses a direct threat to the health of any population being “sprayed”.

Mainstream science, however is quite clear on the matter, stating outright that there is no such thing as a chemtrail.   The US Air Force states that the “‘Chemtrail’ hoax has been investigated and refuted by many established and accredited universities, scientific organizations, and major media publications.”[4]  But the masses aren’t convinced.

Of course, a discussion of chemtrails is not complete without dropping the acronym HAARP into the mix.  Officially known as the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Project, based out of Gakona, Alaska, HAARP has been the focus of countless conspiracy theories, including weather control, earthquake machines, and ionospheric research that could result in a flip of the earth’s magnetic poles.  By far the most prevalent conspiracy theory involving HAARP is the chemtrail theory.

Theorists insist that HAARP, which is funded jointly by the US Air Force, the US Navy, the University of Alaska and DARPA, is up to no good.  They claim that all manner of nefarious devices are designed and tested there, populating myths about their true purpose and blaming them for everything from floods, droughts, hurricanes, thunderstorms, earthquakes in Pakistan, Haiti and the Philippines, major power outages, the downing of TWA Flight 800, Gulf War syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome.

Others still whisper the words Illuminati and New World Order, citing some clandestine agencies operating under the malevolent control of Majestic (whatever that really means).  They see chemtrails as a first step in the cleansing of earth’s population, making way for that one world government.

Many people around the world see the chemtrail problem as an American issue alone, which may be due to the amount of interstate air traffic seen in US skies compared to Canada or Britain.  But these billowy nightmares are everyone’s problem it seems, and while a certain percentage of chemtrails are no doubt simple, natural contrails masquerading as something more dangerous, it seems unlikely that we’ll ever know the truth of the matter.

Since everyone’s seen a contrail/chemtrail at least once in their life (unless you’ve been living under a rock), all are invited to leave their opinion on the cause and purpose of this phenomenon in the comment section below.

Over the years I’ve written on a wide spectrum of topics, some more popular than others.  Among those varied subjects I have endeavoured to keep my personal opinion out the mix, with some pointed exceptions.  Some subjects beg for impartial treatment, while others lend themselves to a more personal critique.  In those cases where I’ve presented the information in a more even-handed manner, often it’s because my own thoughts on the subject at hand are somewhat disorganized, but today’s topic suffers no such fate.

I give you…Ancient Alien Theory.

Tracing the origin of the Ancient Alien Theory –also known as Ancient Astronaut Theory and the Paleocontact Hypothesis- one is led inexorably to a list of several infamous authors, such as the late Zecharia Sitchin and Erich von Däniken, both considered to be the fathers of the theory, followed by their disciples David Childress, Georgio Tsoukalis and the late Philip Coppens, among several others.

A line of reasoning which gained much of it’s popularity in the 1960’s and 1970’s, theories put forward by Sitchin and von Däniken suggest, in the broadest sense that extraterrestrials visited and influenced the early development of man, meddling with our cultural and even genetic progress.

Both men have their own pet theories, Sitchin claims that the Anunnaki, a supposed race of aliens who call the fictitious planet Nibiru home, are charged with interfering with human development in the era of pre-history, to make a hybrid race of beings called the Nephilim, for, shall we say, commercial means.

Von Däniken, however, is much less specific in his hypotheses. He claims that ancient art and iconography throughout the world illustrates air and space vehicles, non-human but intelligent creatures, ancient astronauts, and artefacts of an anachronistically advanced technology. Von Däniken also claims that geographically separated historical cultures share artistic themes, which he argues imply a common origin.  Certain artefacts and monumental constructions are claimed by von Däniken to have required a more sophisticated technological ability in their construction than that which was available to the ancient cultures who constructed them. Von Däniken maintains that these artefacts were constructed either directly by extraterrestrial visitors or by humans who learned the necessary knowledge from said visitors. These include Stonehenge, Pumapunku, the Moai of Easter Island, the Great Pyramid of Giza, and the ancient Baghdad electric batteries.

Von Däniken and Sitchin are both prolific writers, and both are most famously known for their original works titled Chariots of the Gods (1968) and The 12^th Planet (1976) respectively.  Through those books, both men have amassed a huge following of die hard fans, most of whom are utterly convinced that the two are almost infallible, which unfortunately is not true.

I have written about Sitchin’s shortcomings in the past (hereand here) and I’m not about to duplicate that work, other than to say that Sitchin, who taught himself to decipher ancient Sumerian cuneiform, is widely regarded as having mistranslated certain ancient Sumerian texts, which ultimately formed the basis of his theory.  He is also widely criticised for his erroneous astronomical and scientific interpretations and literalism of myths.  Having died in 2010 at the age of 90 with more than 14 books under his belt, Sitchin’s legacy is bound to live on for many years, in spite of the fact that the scientific community views his theory as far more fiction than fact.

Von Däniken has suffered similar scientific criticism and is actually more prolific with an amazing 32 books published in multiple languages, though critics are quick to point out that much of his written work is unfounded pseudoscience.  Von Däniken has travelled the globe on so-called archaeological expeditions, supposedly giving him unique insight into the cultures and artefacts of many parts of the world.  In 1973, von Däniken claimed to have stumbled upon a vast underground cave network under the small South American country of Ecuador.  He claimed that the tunnels covered an area spanning the length of the country and that within the caves was an ancient alien library complete with books made of metal.  This proof of an extraterrestrial presence in the distant past garnered von Däniken a good deal of celebrity, but in 1974 he admitted, under fire, that he had fabricated that evidence, calling it poetic license.

In addition to his scientific credibility woes, von Däniken has come under fire for plagiarising a good portion of his work in Chariots of the Gods (as well as other work), eventually succumbing to a lawsuit wherein he agreed to a legal settlement to give credit to Jacques Bergier, Louis Pauwels, Robert Charroux, and other authors who accused him of stealing their work without credit.

The ancient alien world is no stranger to these kinds of shenanigans, what with people like Georgio Tsoukalis proclaiming that he’s the publisher of a magazine called Legendary Times, when that “magazine” is actually just the news letter for the Archaeology, Astronautics and SETI Research Association, now called the Ancient Alien Society.  Of which he is the current director and claims to be the founder (which is also in dispute as von Däniken is thought to be the actual founder).

These people are self-congratulating, self-appointed experts, whose knowledge of ancient history and science is at best flawed, if not completely fabricated.  Of those mentioned, only Sitchin has any real post-secondary education, even though his degree from the University of London was in economics and not archaeology or ancient languages.  They do tend to be well travelled, but visiting a place no more makes you an expert on its history and nature than looking up makes you an astronomer.

As I’ve mentioned before, I find it insulting that most of their theories reduce the real history and science of many archaeological sites to a steaming pile of wild speculation and conjecture.  They diminish the achievements of our ancestors and demean our long lived legacy.  I don’t deny that the idea of extraterrestrials visiting our ancestors is an attractive one, hell, I’m prone to believe that aliens are visiting us now, but if we’re accepting the flawed and often times fraudulent opinions of people who’s own past is peppered with plagiarism and “poetic license”, we’re accepting a lowered standard of evidence that can only lead to embarrassment.

In the future, I plan to do a series of pieces on the various ancient alien theories that have been proffered by these people, paying close attention to the facts of the matter, rather than the conjecture that we’re typically asked to believe.

What do you think of the ancient alien theory?  Voice your opinion in the comment section below.

In the growing pantheon of cryptids, from Bigfoot to El Chupacabras, there is an abundance of weird and wonderful creatures in this world.  A good many are surrounded by mystery and controversy, but some are the stuff nightmares are made of, such as the notorious Mothman.  To some, the very mention of Mothman strikes fear into their hearts, he, or shall I say, it is the very picture of creepy.

Popularised by author Grey Barker in his 1970 book The Silver Bridge (Saucerian Books) –which was reprinted in 2008 under the title The Silver Bridge: The Classic Mothman Tale (BookSurge Publishing).  Then by John Keel in his 1975 book The Mothman Prophecies (Saturday Review Press), which was later developed into the wildly popular movie of the same name in 2002, staring Richard Gere.  It seems Mothman’s press agent is particularly adept.

Mothman is best known for its involvement in the Silver Bridge incident in Point Pleasant, West Virginia on December 15, 1967, but its history actually predates that event by at least a year, and perhaps much more than that.  As the story goes, a group of five men digging a grave in a cemetery near Clendenin, West Virginia on November 12, 1966, saw a strange winged man fly overhead.  The men described the creature as looking like “a brown human being”, claiming that it flew from a group of trees, low over their heads and likely scared the bejesus out of them.[1]

It showed up next in Point Pleasant three days later, where two young couples driving along a road in the “TNT Area” –a specific location in Point Pleasant that is a former World War II munitions plant and is thought to be Mothman’s home- claimed that a “flying man with ten foot wings” chased them for several minutes.  Roger and Linda Scarberry, and Steve and Mary Mallette described Mothman (who hadn’t yet been named) as a large white creature whose eyes glowed red when caught in the headlights of their vehicle.  This account was printed in the Point Pleasant Register on November 16, 1966, a small, local newspaper that received much attention for their piece titled: Couples See Man-sized Bird…Creature…Something.[2][3]

A contractor by the name of Newell Partridge described an encounter with a strange creature that he believed was responsible for disrupting his television reception and was the apparent cause of the demise of his beloved German Shepherd named Bandit.  Partridge claimed that when he shone a flashlight into the darkness to illuminate the cause of his dog’s nervousness he was startled by two large red eyes reflecting the light.  He fled to the shelter of his home, locking the door behind him (seems prudent to me), but was unable to find his companion, Bandit, in the morning.  The dog was never seen again.[4]

Officials at the time were unconvinced of the truth of these Mothman reports, claiming that what was likely responsible was the Sandhill Crane, a very large white bird known to visit the area from time to time.

After the events of 1967, Mothman has apparently been sighted “hundreds of times” by Linda Scarberry and her husband.  According to interviews she participated in with UFOlogist Jerome Clark, Scarberry claims that “It seems like it doesn’t want to hurt you. It just wants to communicate with you.”[5]

As popular culture has immortalised Mothman for its apparent involvement in the collapse of the Silver Bridge over the Ohio River on December 15, 1967, which resulted in the deaths of some 46 people, most people believe that Mothman is

some kind of harbinger of doom, though the accounts that tell of Mothman sightings on or near the bridge immediately prior to the collapse seem to be false.  Nonetheless, it has been responsible for a great many urban legends over the years.

Of course, most are quite familiar with the story of Mothman from John Keel’s book and movie, which sort of intimates that Mothman was directly connected to the creepy psychic phone stalker/fortune teller Indrid Cold and to the reports of strange encounters with Men In Black that occurred shortly before the bridge collapse.  In reality though, the stories are quite separate and Mothman seems to be a completely different phenomenon from that described in The Mothman Prophecies.  Indrid Cold, in fact, is a phenomenon unto itself.[6]

As sightings apparently continue right up to present day, most of which are highly suspect, some liken Mothman to other winged cryptids such as Spring Heeled Jack, a creature (or man?) that originates in Great Britain in the Victorian era,

sightings of whom have been reported in the eastern United States as late as 1995.  It has also been likened to the Flatwoods Monster (or the Braxton County Monster / Phantom of Flatwoods), though the Flatwoods Monster is said to have stubby arms with claw-like fingers rather than huge wings.

Skeptics are fairly adamant, however, that Mothman is a case of repeated misidentification, citing (as noted above) the Sandhill Crane, the common Barn Owl and/or the Snowy Owl as the likely culprit.  Believers have a few different theories though, ranging from 3^rd kind close encounters with extraterrestrials, to angelic origins, to demons, and the descriptions do seem to be a tad more specific –with most describing the creature as

more than seven feet tall, with arms, legs and facial features- than most sceptics are willing to admit.

Having said that, it does seems coincidental that the most prevalent component of Mothman sightings is the red eye shine described by witnesses, a phenomenon known as tapetum lucidum which is the reflecting of directed light by the eyes of an animal (even humans) that can manifest in several colours, including red.  Though it appears in the descriptions of many cryptids, Bigfoot included, there is nothing supernatural about red eye shine.

In any event, Mothman has been written about in more than 11 books and four movies (two of which were made-for-TV documentaries), and his likeness is doubtful to go away any time soon.  With the annual Mothman Festival taking place in Point Pleasant on the 3rd weekend of every September, it seems there’s no shortage of people willing to cash in on Mothman’s popularity.  Crypto-tourism is a burgeoning industry apparently, as has been seen with the Nain Rouge and even El Chupacabras.

One of the best things about cryptozoology is the fact that everyone has an opinion about the creatures we investigate, and Mothman has its share of supporters and deniers.  In an effort to foster more discussion, both groups are invited to share their opinions in the comment section below.

As promised, this post begins a series of pieces I’m planning on the pseudoscience offered by the likes of Ancient Alien denizen Erich von Däniken and his ilk.  Today I’ll look at one of von Däniken’s most infamous claims, Pakal’s sarcophagus lid at the Mayan Temple of Inscriptions at Palenque.

Pakel (also Pacel) was the one time Mayan ruler K’inich Janaab’ Pakal, born in 603 AD.  Pakal, most famously known as Pacal The Great, reigned over the Palenque area (now known as Chiapas, Mexico) for some 68 years.  In that time he was responsible for the construction or extension of Palenque’s most notable surviving inscriptions and monuments.

Perhaps his greatest achievement was the construction of the magnificent Temple of Inscriptions which is the largest Mesoamerican stepped pyramid at Palenque.  The Temple of Inscriptions has been significant in the study of the ancient

Maya, owing to the extraordinary sample of hieroglyphic text found on the Inscription Tablets, the impressive sculptural panels on the piers of the building, and the finds inside the tomb of Pakal.[1]

Although the Temple of Inscriptions itself had been visited and studied for very nearly 200 years, the tomb of Pakal wasn’t found until 1952, when Mexican archaeologist Alberto Ruz Lhuillier (the current Director of Research at Palenque for Mexico’s Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia) removed a slab of stone from the floor of the temple revealing a stairway that led to Pakal’s tomb (the now famous story of its discovery includes Lhuillier’s description of his first view inside the tomb). Inside the tomb researchers were delighted by the discovery of several important artefacts, including the beautiful and intricate carving on the lid of Pakal’s sarcophagus.[2]

“The widely accepted interpretation of the sarcophagus lid is that Pakal is descending into Xibalba, the Maya underworld. Around the edges of the lid are glyphs representing the Sun, the Moon, Venus, and various constellations, locating this event in the night time sky. Below him is the Maya water god, who guards the underworld. Beneath Pakal are the “unfolded” jaws of a dragon or serpent, into whose mouth Pakal descends. This is a common iconographic representation of the entrance to the underworld.”[3]

Pakal’s sarcophagus has been analysed by leading archaeologists, iconographers and epigraphers (experts responsible for deciphering and translating inscriptions), all of whom concur on the general meaning of the iconography present in the carving.  As mentioned above, it represents Pakal’s journey into the underworld or afterlife.

Erich von Däniken however, would have you believe a very different story.  First postulated in his 1968 best-selling book Chariots of the Gods, von Däniken claims that another interpretation of the sarcophagus’ relief just begs to be told:

“In 1935 a stone relief that very probably represents the god Kukumatz (in Yucatan, Kukulkan) was found in Palenque (Old Kingdom).  A Genuinely unprejudiced look at this picture would make even the most die-hard sceptic stop and think.

There sits a human being, with the upper part of his body bend forward like a racing motorcyclist; today any child would identify his vehicle as a rocket.  It is pointed at the front, then changed to strangely grooved indentations like the inlet ports, widens out and terminates at the tail in a darting flame.  The crouching being himself manipulating a number of undefinable (sic) controls and has the heel of his left foot on a kind of pedal.  His clothing is appropriate short trousers with a broad belt, a jacket with a modern Japanese opening at the neck and closely fitting band at arms and legs.  With our knowledge of similar pictures, we should be surprised if the complicated headgear were missing.  And there it is with the usual indentations and tubes, and something like antennae on top.  Our space traveller – he is clearly depicted as one – is not only bent forward tensely, he is also looking intently at an apparatus hanging in front of his face.  The astronaut’s front seat is separated by struts from the rear position of the vehicle, in which symmetrically arranged boxed, circles, points and spirals can be seen.”[4]

Right off the bat one is struck by the glaring errors von Däniken made in this passage.  From the wrong years of discovery to the wrong location cited, to its attribution to the wrong deity, all the way to the erroneous assumptions he makes about the iconography in question.  Von Däniken asks the question: “Is everything that anyone links up with space travel a stupid figment of the imagination?”[5]  And in this case I would have to say: yes!

This is something he does quite often in the book; he asks rhetorical questions that seem to back up his claims, apparently in an attempt to distract us from his errors in research and judgement.  He often cites the fact that there are 530 question marks in Chariots of the Gods as proof that he hasn’t made many of the erroneous claims attributed to him, but that he simply asked questions to get people thinking.  Even with a cursory analysis of his interpretation of the carving, one immediately sees mistakes that could have been avoided with a little careful reading of the available material, which, by the way, was readily available in the 1960’s.  Von Däniken likens the overall structure of the relief to a rocket ship, interpreting astronomical symbols incorrectly and seeing the Mayan water god Chaak as flames resulting from said rocket’s propulsion system.  He claims that even a child could see this and draw the same, correct conclusion.

Nevermind that there is no archaeological evidence to support the idea that the Mayans knew anything about powered flight, or the fact that mainstream science has all but conclusively interpreted the sarcophagus lid as a depiction of Pakal’s journey to the underworld, is it simply rebellious intellectualism at work here or is von Däniken guilty of something more?  If anything, the above excerpt from Chariots of the Gods tells us precisely why much of the archaeological world regards von Däniken’s conjecture as pure pseudoscience.

Nonetheless, droves of ancient alien believers accept von Däniken’s unfounded interpretation.  One man, Paul Francis (self-proclaimed researcher and model maker) even went so far as to construct a model of Pakel’s rocketship in support of von Däniken’s theory, achieving some measure of infamy when that model was showcased on the History Channel’s Ancient Aliens with Georgio Tsoukalis.[6]

The UFOlogical/Paranormal world is divided on the issue of ancient aliens, while some see evidence of extraterrestrials everywhere in our past, most often that opinion is the result of conspiracy thinking and lazy intellects.  The idea that aliens visited our ancestors, for whatever reason, is an attractive one for many people, but even the most enticing theory should be questioned for its validity and accuracy.  In the interest of such transparency, I recommend that everyone take a closer look at my own sources for this piece.  I don’t want anyone to take my word for it…do some reading and come to your own conclusion, just read more than one source.

Sitting in near darkness, a group of sitters assemble around a large table, waiting with baited breath as a medium or seer conjures spirits from the hereafter.  Almost indistinguishable at first a strange substance begins to exude from the ears and nose of the psychic.  It’s white and billowy, like a cloud, but as it forms it becomes more gelatinous and begins to take shape in the air above the table.  The witnesses hold their gasps of disbelief and watch as the ectoplasm morphs loosely into the form of a small girl, the shape of the ghost with whom they have finally made contact.

The above description of a séance or a variation thereof could probably be found in just about any book on 18^th or 19^th century spiritualism, as it was the common experience of those who participated in the trendy fad of contacting the dead.  A large component of those experiences was the witnessing of ectoplasm materialization, and as such there has been a great deal of investigation of the phenomenon, calling many of the accounts and evidence into question.

The term ectoplasm was coined by the French physiologist Charles Richet in 1894[1]but its discovery has been traced to the works of 17^th century alchemist Thomas Vaughan[2].  According to the inimitable Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, ectoplasm enjoyed its first published description in 1774[3] at the whim of famed 18^th century seer, Emmanuel Swedenborg, wherein he said of ectoplasm:

“…a kind of vapour steaming from the pores of my body.  It was a most visible watery vapour and fell downwards to the ground upon the carpet.”[4]

As far as definitions are concerned, ectoplasm has two, but we’re only interested in the classic rather than the biochemical (relating to cytoplasm), ectoplasm is:

A substance said to be excreted by mediums during trances; a slime-like substance said to be associated with hauntings.

A good portion of the modern paranormal community views ectoplasm as something altogether different thanks in part to its use in the classic movie Ghostbusters.  It’s largely thought of as the residual physical after-effects of ghostly manifestation or apparitions, but those of us who are more traditional reject that notion in favour of its original expression.  Though in its original form it is largely regarded as a fraud.

Popular among late 19^th and early 20^th century occult enthusiasts, ectoplasm became a staple of the séance, wowing sitters (the term used for séance attendees) along side the tipping table and mediums trumpet.  As the description above suggests, it is, or was thought to be a supernatural substance excreted through various bodily orifices by the medium.  In some instances the ectoplasm would be a simple gelatinous blob, but other times it would take the form of a specific entity, using the ghost’s non-corporeal shape as a sort of wire frame.

Here’s the catch though, it was believed that ectoplasm would disintegrate under the harsh rays of light, so, as was common anyway, séances were held in near or total darkness (which would greatly inhibit the sitter’s ability to detect a fraud).  This atmosphere of darkness and mystery did foster quite a few wild tales, and famous psychics such as Elizabeth D’Esperance, Eva C. and Mina “Margery” Crandon were scrutinised by many investigators and scientists.

The first systematic study of ectoplasm was a joint effort by Baron Albert von Schrenck-Notzing and Juliette Bisson, who experimented with Eva C.  Prior to this, Gabriel Delanne, Enrico Morselli, and Charles Richet published descriptions of the different evolutionary states of ectoplasm.[5]  Most famously the literary giant Sir Arthur Conan Doyle investigated and was apparently taken in by the phenomenon.

While many witnesses were convinced that these mediums were in fact manifesting a physical representation of the dearly departed, scientific efforts eventually debunked nearly every documented instance of ectoplasm.  Commonly it was found that mediums used fabric, such as cheesecloth, or butter muslin to simulate ectoplasm.

Many grotesque photographs of what were supposed to be ectoplasm have been put forward over the years.  They tend to show gelatinous, viscous material oozing from all the natural orifices of the medium’s body, and also from the top of the head, from the breasts, and from the fingertips.  Most often it comes from the mouth.  The form of the substance varies, according to Gustave Geley – French physician and psychical researcher – between threads, cords, rigid rays, membranes, and fabric-like or woven material with indefinite and irregular outlines.

As mentioned, the modern idea of ectoplasm resembles not the true history of this wonderfully weird phenomenon.  In fact much of what the modern paranormal investigator does is so departed from the traditional notions of occultism and spiritualism that one wonders where the current ideology of ghostly phenomenon came from.  In my opinion, the modern paranormal investigator would do well to delve into the rich history of ghost hunting available at their fingertips and perhaps even try to duplicate the results of earlier spiritual efforts.

What do you think of ectoplasm and its associated methodologies?  Voice your opinion in the comment section below.

A real tragedy has occurred, an outrage.  A portion of Peru’s Nazca Lines have been destroyed, and all in the name of greed.  As reported March 14, 2013, by El Comercio – A Spanish language daily news service – the lines were destroyed by the heavy equipment of a Peruvian mining company called Gálvez, as they excavated the area looking for base construction materials for their recently upgraded quarry.

The Nazca lines, constructed between 400 and 650 AD, are a particularly fragile archaeological artefact, most being only 10-30 centimetres deep.  The arid and windless environment is responsible for their survival for the last 1500 years, but all that is threatened by a man whose arrogance and ignorance of his own culture are rivalled only by his lust for the almighty dollar.  The owner of the limestone aggregates company claims that the land the lines are on is his private property, and that he can do whatever he wants to his own property.

Eduardo Herrán Gómez de la Torre, director of research at Ojos de Condor, described the extensive damage in the area. (Eyes of the Condor SAC, a Peruvian aerial photography organization working to foster tourism and preservation of Peru’s archaeological sites):

“We have witnessed the irreparable destruction to a set of lines and trapezoids that existed in the area…

The limestone firm responsible has not been sanctioned or supervised by the authorities of the Regional Directorate of Culture of Ica, despite being in this great archaeological reserve.

The company argues that the land where the plant is installed is private property and that the owner can do whatever he wants on his land, but this is not so,”[1]

The site of the Nazca lines, which covers some 500 square kilometres in the Pampas de Jumana in southern Peru, between Nazca and Lima, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 (UNESCO Ref 700).  This status as a historical monument protected by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) puts it under the purview of the Geneva Convention, which states:

“Article 53. PROTECTION OF CULTURAL OBJECTS AND OF PLACES OF WORSHIP. Without prejudice to the provisions of the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 14 May 1954,’ and of other relevant international instruments, it is prohibited:[2]

(a) To commit any acts of hostility directed against the historic monuments, works of art or places of worship which constitute the cultural or spiritual heritage of peoples;

(b) To use such objects in support of the military effort;

(c) To make such objects the object of reprisals.”

However, the provincial director of Culture of Nasca, Mario Olaechea Aquije, said the land is privately owned and that the owner can work freely, and authorities cannot interfere.  Sotil Raul Galindo, Regional Director of Culture of Ica, declined to give statements, reported El Comercio.  He said the responsibility lies with Olaechea, and he doesn’t question Olaechea’s decision.

The extent of the damage, which took place near mile marker 444 of the Panamericana Sur Highway, is unclear, but Herrán describes it as irreparable.  There is no word on whether UNESCO will seek legal action against the firm, or even if the actions of the mining company fall under the requirements of the Geneva Convention, so it’s anybody’s guess what will happen.

Fortunately, the most iconic shapes and images of the Nazca Lines collection were unharmed and are in no immediate danger, but this incident highlights the need for more aggressive legal protections for sites of such archaeological and historic importance.  NASA and the US Government have taken steps to protect the Apollo moon landings sites, which are deemed necessary due to the advent of commercial space flight, but we can’t even protect historical sites on our own planet.

Since this story is now gaining global momentum, public opinion and pressure may in fact cause the government of Peru and its cultural protection organizations to act.  We can only hope that someone steps in to at least ensure that no more damage is done beyond what has already taken place.